Content
Content is the most important part of your site.
Make sure that button, a, and label element content is unique and descriptive.
1.3.1 Info and Relationships
Terms like “click here” and “read more” do not provide any context. Some people navigate using a list of all buttons or links on a page or view. When using this mode, the terms indicate what will happen if navigated to or activated.
Use left-aligned text for left-to-right (LTR) languages, and right-aligned text for right-to-left (RTL) languages.
1.4.8 Visual Presentation
Centered-aligned or justified text is difficult to read.
Global code
Code which affects your entire website or web app.
Validate your HTML [Deprecated in WCAG 2.2].
4.1.1 Parsing
As a minimum ensure HTML is well formed, use a code linter.
Valid HTML helps to provide a consistent, expected experience across all browsers and assistive technology.
Provide a unique title for each page or view.
2.4.2 Page Titled
The title element, contained in the document's head element, is often the first piece of information announced by assistive technology. This helps tell people what page or view they are going to start navigating.
Ensure that viewport zoom is not disabled.
1.4.4 Resize text
Some people need to increase the size of text to a point where they can read it. Do not stop them from doing this, even for web apps with a native app-like experience. Even native apps should respect Operating System settings for resizing text.
Use landmark elements to indicate important content regions.
1.3.1 – Info and Relationships
Landmark regions help communicate the layout and important areas of a page or view, and can allow quick access to these regions. For example, use the nav element to wrap a site's navigation, and the main element to contain the primary content of a page.
Ensure a linear content flow.
2.4.3 Focus Order
Remove tabindex attribute values that aren't either 0 or -1. Elements that are inherently focusable, such as links or button elements, do not require a tabindex. Elements that are not inherently focusable should not have a tabindex applied to them outside of very specific use cases.
Avoid using the autofocus attribute.
2.4.3 Focus Order
People who are blind or who have low vision may be disoriented when focus is moved without their permission. Additionally, autofocus can be problematic for people with motor control disabilities, as it may create extra work for them to navigate out from the autofocused area and to other locations on the page/view.
Allow extending session timeouts.
2.2.1 Timing Adjustable
If you cannot remove session timeouts altogether, then let the person using your site easily turn off, adjust, or extend their session well before it ends.
Keyboard
It is important that your interface and content can be operated, and navigated by use of a keyboard. Some people cannot use a mouse, or may be using other assistive technologies that may not allow for hovering or precise clicking.
Ensure all interactive elements are reachable via keyboard.
2.1.1 Keyboard
Everything must be accessible without using a mouse.
Make sure there is a visible focus style for interactive elements that are navigated to via keyboard input.
2.4.7 Focus Visible
Can a person navigating with a keyboard, switch, voice control, or screen reader see where they currently are on the page?
Check to see that keyboard focus order matches the visual layout.
1.3.2 Meaningful Sequence
Can a person navigating with a keyboard or screen reader move around the page in a predictable way?
Remove invisible focusable elements.
2.4.3 Focus Order
Remove the ability to focus on elements that are not presently meant to be discoverable. This includes things like inactive drop down menus, off screen navigation, or modals.
Images
Images are a very common part of most websites. Help make sure they can be enjoyed by all.
Make sure that all img elements have an alt attribute.
1.1.1 Non-text Content
alt attributes (alt text) give a description of an image for people who may not be able to view them. When an alt attribute isn't present on an image, a screen reader may announce the image's file name and path instead. This fails to communicate the image’s content.
Make sure that decorative images use null alt (empty) attribute values.
1.1.1 Non-text Content
Null alt attributes are also sometimes known as empty alt attributes. They are made by including no information between the opening and closing quotes of an alt attribute. Decorative images do not communicate information that is required to understand the website's overall meaning. Historically they were used for flourishes and spacer gif images, but tend to be less relevant for modern websites and web apps.
Provide a text alternative for complex images such as charts, graphs, and maps.
1.1.1 Non-text Content
Is there a plain text which lists points on the map or sections of a flowchart? Describe all visible information. This includes graph axes, data points and labels, and the overall point the graphic is communicating.
For images containing text, make sure the alt description includes the image's text.
1.1.1 Non-text Content
For example, the FedEx logo should have an alt value of “FedEx.”
Headings
Heading elements (h1, h2, h3, etc.) help break up the content of the page into related “chunks” of information. They are incredibly important for helping people who use assistive technology to understand the meaning of a page or view.
Use heading elements to introduce content.
2.4.6 Headings or Labels
Heading elements construct a document outline, and should not be used for purely visual design.
Use only one h1 element per page or view.
2.4.6 Headings or Labels
The h1 element should be used to communicate the high-level purpose of the page or view. Do not use the h1 element for a heading that does not change between pages or views (for example, the site's name).
Heading elements should be written in a logical sequence.
2.4.6 Headings or Labels
The order of heading elements should descend, based on the “depth” of the content. For example, a h4 element should not appear on a page before the first h3 element declaration. An extension such as headingsMap can help you evaluate this.
Don't skip heading levels.
2.4.6 Headings or Labels
For example, don't jump from a h2 to a h4, skipping a h3 element. If heading levels are being skipped for a specific visual treatment, use CSS classes instead.
Lists
Lists elements let people know a collection of items are related and if they are sequential, and how many items are present in the list grouping.
Use list elements (ol, ul, and dl elements) for list content.
1.3.1 Info and Relationships
This may include sections of related content, items visually displayed in a grid-like layout, or sibling a elements.
Controls
Controls are interactive elements such as links and buttons that let a person navigate to a destination or perform an action.
Use the a element for links (goes somewhere).
1.3.1 Info and Relationships
Links should always have a href attribute, even when used in Single Page Applications (SPAs). Without a href attribute, the link will not be properly exposed to assistive technology. An example of this would be a link that uses an onclick event, in place of a href attribute.
Ensure that links are recognizable as links.
1.4.1 Use of Color
Color alone is not sufficient to indicate the presence of a link. Underlines are a popular and commonly-understood way to communicate the presence of link content.
Ensure controls are adequately sized and spaced.
2.5.8 Target size (minimum)
Ensure that targets are at least 24 by 24 CSS pixels. Otherwise, at least provide sufficient spacing around each target.
Ensure that controls have distinguishable :focus states.
2.4.7 Focus Visible
Visible focus styles help people determine which interactive element has keyboard focus. This lets them know that they can perform actions like activating a button or navigating to a link's destination.
Use the button element for buttons (does something).
1.3.1 Info and Relationships
Buttons are used to submit data or perform an on-screen action which does not shift keyboard focus. You can add type="button" to a button element to prevent the browser from attempting to submit form information when activated.
Provide a skip link and make sure that it is visible when focused.
2.4.1 Bypass Blocks
A skip link can be used to provide quick access to the main content of a page or view. This allows a person to easily bypass globally repeated content such as a website's primary navigation, or persistent search widget.
Identify links that open in a new tab or window.
G201: Giving users advanced warning when opening a new window
Ideally, avoid links that open in a new tab or window. If a link does, ensure the link's behavior will be communicated in a way that is apparent to all users. Doing this will help people understand what will happen before activating the link.
While this technique is technically not required for AA compliance, it is an often-cited area of frustration for many different kinds of assistive technology users.
Example of Inform user of new window Code and explanation.
Tables
Tables are a structured set of data that help people understand the relationships between different types of information.
Use the table element to describe tabular data.
1.3.1 Info and Relationships
Do you need to display data in rows and columns? Use the table element.
4.1.1 Parsing
Depending on how complex your table is, you may also consider using scope="col" for column headers, and scope="row" for row headers. Many different kinds of assistive technology still use the scope attribute to help them understand and describe the structure of a table.
Use the caption element to provide a title for the table.
2.4.6 Headings or Labels
The table's caption should describe what kind of information the table contains.
Forms allow people to enter information into a site for processing and manipulation. This includes things like sending messages and placing orders.
All inputs in a form are associated with a corresponding label element.
1.3.1 Info and Relationships
Use a for/id pairing to guarantee the highest level of browser/assistive technology support.
Use fieldset and legend elements where appropriate.
1.3.1 Info and Relationships
Does your form contain multiple sections of related inputs? Use fieldset to group them, and legend to provide a label for what this section is for.
Make sure that form input errors are displayed in list above the form after submission.
3.3.1 Error Identification
This provides a way for assistive technology users to quickly have a high-level understanding of what issues are present in the form. This is especially important for larger forms with many inputs. Make sure that each reported error also has a link to the corresponding field with invalid input.
Associate input error messaging with the input it corresponds to.
3.3.1 Error Identification
Techniques such as using aria-describedby allow people who use assistive technology to more easily understand the difference between the input and the error message associated with it.
Make sure that error, warning, and success states are not visually communicated by just color.
1.4.1 Use of Color
People who are color blind, who have other low vision conditions, or different cultural understandings for color may not see the state change, or understand what kind of feedback the state represents if color is the only indicator.
Media includes content such as pre-recorded and live audio and video.
Make sure that media does not autoplay.
1.4.2 Audio Control
Unexpected video and audio can be distracting and disruptive, especially for certain kinds of cognitive disability such as ADHD. Certain kinds of autoplaying video and animation can be a trigger for vestibular and seizure disorders.
Check to see that all media can be paused.
2.1.1 Keyboard
Provide a global pause function on any media element. If the device has a keyboard, ensure that pressing the Space key can pause playback. Make sure you also don't interfere with the Space key's ability to scroll the page/view when not focusing on a form control.
Video
Video-specific checks.
Confirm the presence of captions.
1.2.2 Captions
Captions allow a person who cannot hear the audio content of a video to still understand its content.
Audio
Audio-specific checks.
Confirm that transcripts are available.
1.1.1 Non-text Content
Transcripts allow people who cannot hear to still understand the audio content. It also allows people to digest audio content at a pace that is comfortable to them.
Appearance
How your website app content looks in any given situation.
Increase text size to 200%.
1.4.4 Resize text
Is the content still readable? Does increasing the text size cause content to overlap?
Make sure color isn't the only way information is conveyed.
1.4.1 Use of Color
Can you still see where links are among body content if everything is grayscale?
Make sure instructions are not visual or audio-only.
1.3.3 Sensory Characteristics
Use a combination of characteristics to write cues, particularly the actual names of sections and elements, rather than just descriptions like location (“on the right”) or audio (“after the tone”).
Use a simple, straightforward, and consistent layout.
1.4.10 Reflow
A complicated layout can be confusing to understand and use.
Animation
Content that moves, either on its own, or when triggered by a person activating a control.
Ensure animations are subtle and do not flash too much.
2.3.1 Three Flashes or Below Threshold
Certain kinds of strobing or flashing animations will trigger seizures. Others may be distracting and disruptive, especially for certain kinds of cognitive disability such as ADHD.
Provide a mechanism to pause background video.
2.2.2 Pause, Stop, Hide
Background video can be distracting, especially if content is placed over it.
Make sure all animation obeys the prefers-reduced-motion media query.
2.3.3 Animation from Interactions
Remove animations when the “reduce motion” setting is activated. If an animation is necessary to communicate meaning for a concept, slow its duration down.
Color contrast
Color contrast is how legible colors are when placed next to, and on top of each other. May be tested using: Colour contrast checker
Check the contrast for all normal-sized text.
1.4.3 Contrast
Level AA compliance requires a contrast ratio of 4.5:1.
Check the contrast for all large-sized text.
1.4.3 Contrast
Level AA compliance requires a contrast ratio of 3:1.
Check the contrast of borders for input elements (text input, radio buttons, checkboxes, etc.).
1.4.11 Non-text Contrast
Level AA compliance requires a contrast ratio of 3.0:1.
Check text that overlaps images or video.
1.4.3 Contrast
Is text still legible?
Mobile and touch
Things to check mobile experiences for.
Check that the site can be rotated to any orientation.
1.3.4 Orientation
Does the site only allow portrait orientation?
Remove horizontal scrolling.
1.4.10 Reflow
Requiring someone to scroll horizontally can be difficult for some, irritating for all.
Ensure that button and link icons can be activated with ease.
2.5.5 Target Size
While not required for AA compliance, best practice suggests the minimum size of an interactive target should be 44 by 44 pixels.
It's good to make sure things like hamburger menus, social icons, gallery viewers, and other touch controls are usable by a wide range of hand and stylus sizes.
Ensure sufficient space between interactive items in order to provide a scroll area.
2.4.1 Bypass Blocks
Ensure there are margins around interactive elements to allow users to scroll past.
Some people who experience motor control issues such as hand tremors may have a very difficult time scrolling past interactive items which feature zero spacing.